Road Kill

So, what’s up with this dead cougar that showed up on a Milford, Conn., highway early Saturday morning?

If this is the first you’ve heard of it, then it’s either shame on the news sources that feed you or shame on you for living in a bubble. The story spread like the Arizona wildfires, beginning at breakfast time Saturday morning when my inbox was inundated with tips and links to developing online reports. By Saturday afternoon, the story was running wild, growing by the minute, new information piling up on each hourly “milford mountain lion” keyword search. By now it’s old news, has been reported nationwide and into western Europe. And this cougar tale was no Internet hoax. No sir. The proof was right there, laying dead for everyone to see on that section of Route 15 called the Merritt Parkway.

“Are you sure it wasn’t New Milford?” asked the first man I called Saturday morning with the news. He was referring to the rural northern Fairfield County hilltown north of Danbury, where the green, rolling landscape is strikingly similar to Conway or Ashfield. No, I told him, not New Milford; the coastal town of Milford, snuggled between Bridgeport and New Haven, not a place where you’d expect New England’s first road-killed cougar to appear. But there it was. No denying it. Dead as a freakin’ doornail. Big, too.

It wasn’t like the 140-pound male cat came out of nowhere. Several cougar sightings had been reported in the posh New York City suburb of Greenwich, Conn., some 40 miles down the road from Milford. Someone there had even snapped a photo that was convincing enough to warrant town-wide warnings for residents to keep an eye on their children and pets. A prep school along the periphery of the sightings had even cancelled an outing. Then, just after 1 a.m. Saturday morning — Bang! — it happened, a compact SUV killed a cat on the Parkway. Officials, who say they’re certain the dead animal had lived in captivity and either escaped or was released, believe it and the Greenwich cat were the same animal. Two Greenwich citizens who reported cougar sightings after the road-kill beg to differ. So, apparently, does Audubon Greenwich, which has temporarily closed its hiking trails.

So now it’ll be interesting to monitor the situation and see where the story goes. Finally, after surging Northeastern cougar sightings over the past decade, a beast shows up dead on the road just three months after the United States Fish & Wildlife Service (USFW) had changed its Eastern cougar classification from endangered species to extinct. No wonder they were so quick to dismiss the dead cat as an escaped captive. The story had to put them in an uncomfortable place. But to be fair, spokespeople from the Cougar Rewilding Foundation (CRF), formerly known as the Eastern Cougar Foundation, also believe the dead animal was probably not wild and expect scientific analysis to reveal just that.

“Until we see DNA and results from the necropsy (autopsy), a former captive is the honest answer,” wrote CRF spokesman Christopher Spatz, a New York researcher who has diligently followed leads for many years and come up empty in attempts to substantiate the presence of Northeastern cougars.

Spatz’s CRF colleague Helen McGinnis concurred, opining the dead cat was more likely a former captive than a wandering male that had found its way from the Midwest to Connecticut. “Just look at the roadmap to see how difficult it would be for a cougar to get from Michigan, Indiana or southern Florida (the closest states where big cats are known to exist),” she wrote. Yet, although it’s true that such a trek would be challenging, it clearly isn’t impossible.

A thorough examination of the road-killed cat’s carcass revealed no obvious signs that it had been held captive — no tattoos or tags, no collar, not de-clawed, a lean physique more typical of wild animals. The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection will have the cat analyzed to determine its origin, if possible. If they discover that it was indeed wild, or cannot prove otherwise, I wonder what the “official finding” will conclude? Maybe a weak, innocuous report that the neutered press will accept without question and forget about.

As a veteran scribe who’s reported many credible cougar sightings and spoken to several experts about them over the past 30 years, I long ago concluded that there is no evidence to support the existence of a breeding Northeastern cougar population. Still, I scoff at the notion that every cougar sighting I have written about was in fact a hallucination or an escaped captive. And how about this one: Now that the officials must lay out damage-control information to douse this Connecticut brushfire, the Associated Press reports that Massachusetts officials have over the past 27 years confiscated six captive cougars, most recently in 1993. Why, I ask, if this is so, has no one ever mentioned a word of it to me, likely the New England scribe who has written more than anyone else on the subject over the past 10? The fact is that despite being cooperative throughout my years of interviews and reportage, officials have, since the beginning — way back in the 1980s when Virginia Fifield was stationed in the Pioneer Valley specifically to investigate cougar sightings — always made it clear that they would prefer I didn’t draw attention to cougars. Yet not one of them alerted me to several seizures of illegally held Massachusetts captives? The silence doesn’t make sense unless I’m missing something. In fact, as time passes, this cougar-discovery business only seems to get more confusing.

Contributing to the confusion is the latest bombshell I uncovered just this week by asking a simple, logical question. When I asked if the experts had ever proven that North American cougars from the East and West were different cats, McGinnis wrote: “I am certain the eastern and western cougars are NOT separate species. They are not even a subspecies. The comprehensive study of cougar DNA throughout their North, Central and South American range, done by Melanie Culver and associates, published in 2000, concluded that there are only six subspecies of cougars and only one in all of North America. By the rules of zoological nomenclature, the North American subspecies is Puma concolor couguar. Although some cougar biologists question this conclusion and believe the Florida panther is a separate subspecies, no geneticist/DNA specialist who has further investigated Culver’s work disagrees with her. There has also been a study of viruses carried by various cougar populations that support Culver’s work.

“That doesn’t mean that all North American cougars are alike,” she added. “There are some distinct populations, including the Florida panther, for sure. Elsewhere, there are gradual changes in what constitutes a typical cougar, especially going from south to north. A cougar in Arizona is much smaller and has shorter fur than a typical cougar in Alberta, for example.”

Which makes a lot of sense. Think of it. The same can be said of white-tailed deer, which are larger in northern climes where life is tougher than in the warmer South. There is even an obvious difference between Northeastern deer from opposite ends of the region, with Northern New England whitetails dwarfing those from Pennsylvania.

So how about that? USFW classified as extinct a species — Eastern cougar — that never existed. What the agency should have ruled was that Puma concolor couguar no longer colonizes the Northeast. Of course, the same could have been said 25 years ago about states like Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri, all of which are now on the cougar map, some of them perhaps only as states where “dispersers” occasionally pass through. Dispersers are defined as wayward sub-adult males driven away from territory by dominant males. So who can say with any certainty, as these dispersers become more common and perhaps start extending their eastern range, that a breeding population will not also start creeping eastward as well?

There were many factors that led to Northeastern cougar extirpation by the early 20th century, not the least of which was human persecution. But also the forests had been cleared, deer (cougars’ primary food) became scarce and cougars vanished. Now, with the forests and deer populations back, what’s stopping the king of North American cats from following them, even in small numbers, beginning with dispersers? Even CRF won’t go out on a limb and make that prediction. But what’s to stop cat recolonization now that the forests have returned?

In discussions about cougars with wildlife biologists I respect, a recurring question by them has been: “If cougars are here, then why aren’t they being killed on the highways?” Well, now that day has arrived. I suspected, maybe even hoped, it would happen closer to home, or in the wilds of New York or Vermont; was not expecting it to occur a stone’s throw from the Big Apple. But something tells me there will be another, and another. Call it instinct, the same natural impulse that’s pushing dispersers eastward.

Never say never. That’s my mantra. That and don’t underestimate the forces of nature.

Fortitude

Strawberries are ripe, hayfields are scalped and the sweet smell of wild rose fills the meadow air … along with a personal sense of accomplishment following a fruitful weekend trip to The Fort at No. 4.

There, in historic Charlestown, N.H., participants from far and wide converged for an entertaining French & Indian War battle re-enactment I attended with wife Joanne and grandson Jordan Steele Sanderson. The event drew quite a crowd — retired Recorder chum Donnie Phillips among them — on a perfect, sunny Saturday. Like me, Phillips may have ancestors who manned that fort at one time or another back in the day when wars were fought for survival, not oil and greed.

We picked up Jordie at our regular White River, Vt., rendezvous point and backtracked to Charlestown, t’otha side the rivva’ from Springfield, Vt., where the reconstructed, 2/3-acre, picketed fort was bustling with fascinating activity for any 5-year-old. When we exited our parked car, he was immediately confronted with an encampment of tents, roaming soldiers, natives and “suttlers,” kids too, all in period dress and inviting discussion while staging a fantasy Jordie was still playing out the next day, skulking around the yard, front and back and sides, with an old Red Ryder BB-gun his late father once proudly toted.

The kid was particularly impressed with the three-story watchtower overlooking the Connecticut River from the fortified village’s southwest corner. He demanded that I accompany him for a visit, up three flights of primitive ladder stairs. It was cool. He had to show me. Prior to that, what most captured his fancy was the upstairs bedroom of his ninth great-grandfather, Lt. Isaac Parker — one of No. 4’s original settlers, second in command to Capt. Phineas Stevens — who had a large, wheeled cannon standing next to his bed in the northeast corner of the fort, a shuttered hole in the wall to poke its barrel through. Jordie stood proudly next to it, bright smile, hand on the weapon for a photo I will cherish.

Later, during the hour-long “Seige of 1747” re-enactment, Jordie got to hear the thunderous, smoky roars of field cannons, some larger than others, along with the reports of flintlock rifles, marching music from fifes, drums and bagpipes, orders barked by Redcoat, Bluecoat and militia officers, and Native war screeches. “Are you a real Indian,” Jordie asked a passing, barebacked, copper-colored man sporting leather leggings, a leather powder bag strapped over his shoulder, and two eagle feathers tied into the back of his long, shiny black hair that seemed to match in color his warm, piercing eyes. “I am,” the man responded. “This was the home of my Abanaki people before they were scattered in all directions. Myself, I grew up with the Apaches in the Southwest. I came home.”

As they spoke, sun high, Jordie firing one appropriate, cognitive question after another, I stood on a gentle bluff overlooking the fertile riverside meadow, just listening, facing west, looking at two lush, green, end-to-end Vermont ridges across the glassy, blue-brown Connecticut. Although I had never physically been there, I knew I was not looking at the distinctive landscape for the first time. Yeah, I may be crazy, but I attribute that revelation to heritage and roots. No. 4 is in my blood, my soul, my core. I hope it will also someday similarly reside in Jordie. When trying to figure out life, its twists and turns, pains and pleasures, joys and heartaches, it never hurts to know who you are and where you came from. It’s settling. Can’t imagine folks who have no clue and never will. Such an unconquerable void, a gaping genealogical hole of emptiness, deprivation and shallow existence.

On our way out of the compound, I, of course, stopped in the gift shop to buy books about the site, including Rev. Henry Hamilton Saunderson’s familiar 1876 “History of Charlestown, N.H.,” which I have often perused online, always chasing information. Skimming through it later that night after a backyard cookout, I found an interesting item listed near the beginning of the chapter titled “Historical Miscellany.” It opens with a list of original No. 4 grantees, another list of original proprietors, a 1737 grid of the village plot, and a list of 1754 landowners. The addendum to that landowner list, an official document adjudicating the estate of “Widow (Rachel Parker) Sartwell and heirs” caught my attention upon noticing a familiar name. Two of the heirs were Adonijah Taylor and wife Rachel, above them two more who raised an immediate flag: Micah Fuller and wife Lois. The two women, Lois and Rachel, were sisters, daughters of Widow Parker and late husband Ensign Obadiah Sartwell, who was “killed by Indians while plowing” outside the fort on June 17, 1749. The Sartwell and Parker families came to No. 4 from Groton. Taylor was born in Leicester.

Adonijah Taylor has for years been to me a person of interest. In 1803, he sold his hillock home, farm and saw and grist mills in the southwest corner of Deerfield to my fifth great-grandfather, Deacon Thomas Sanderson of Whately, a prominent citizen and Revolutionary Lieutenant who found success as a tanner and cordwainer (shoemaker). Eight years after the transaction — following nearly 40 years of unsuccessful petitions by citizens from that irascible southwestern corner to uncooperative Deerfield selectmen — the good deacon was finally able to orchestrate the desired annexation of a sizeable chunk of Deerfield to Whately over hoarse Deerfield objections. It was a brilliantly orchestrated political power play by Sanderson, who had supported victorious Democratic-Republican Gov. Elbridge Gerry against defeated Federalist Christopher Gore in the 1810 election. Gerry was as decisively defeated in Deerfield as he had been victorious in Whately, and he likely did Sanderson and Whately voters a favor historian George Sheldon was still criticizing three generations later in his “History of Deerfield.” Sheldon, from one of the oldest Deerfield families, ripped state legislators for “knocking the town lines about hap-hazard to suit the landowners.”

Where I am next headed could be confusing to readers unfamiliar with local history, but the subject is clear to me and I’ll try to keep it simple. Because of their family connections through Fort No. 4 and Groton, not to mention Parker/Sartwell family links, I have for years suspected that Taylor and my Sanderson ancestor were friends and political allies long before the purchase/sale agreement for Taylor’s property. I have also long suspected that — like outspoken Taylor and many Sanderson brothers and brothers-in-law — Deacon Sanderson was a supporter of Daniel Shays during his brief insurrection against the state’s post-Revolution Federalist elite. My weekend trip to Charlestown solidified this theory and also solved an enduring local mystery surrounding the lineage of Sanderson’s oldest brother Joseph’s wife. It only took a few Internet queries for me to confirm that Joseph’s wife, Lois Fuller, was indeed a daughter of Micah and Lois Fuller listed above as heirs to Charlestown, N.H., Sartwell land. So now all those Joseph Sanderson/Lois Fuller descendants who followed the wild goose chase started by Sheldon’s irresponsible guess that Lois came from Hatfield, and whose searches have ever since borne no fruit, will be pleased to discover that Mayflower descendant Micah Fuller was in fact her father.

Back to Joseph Sanderson, many Shays Rebellion supporters moved to the frontiers of Vermont and New York State after the rebellion was quelled, some sooner than others. There was less structure and no taxes on the frontier. I believe Joseph Sanderson was one of these independent souls. By the turn of the 19th century, he apparently had had enough structure and sold to his farm to son Joseph, packing up his family and settling in Sangerfield, Oneida County, N.Y., where he and wife Lois are buried. Their Deerfield farm stood in Mill River, at or near the old Hillside Dairy farm across from White Birch Campgrounds.

I have over the years fielded many queries about Lois Sanderson’s lineage but have never been able to provide a satisfactory answer. For years that mystery has bothered me like an invisible bayberry thorn under my fingernail. But all it took in the end was a dose of Yankee perseverance and a simple trip to Fort No. 4. And, yes, how about that? Just as I had suspected, old Adonijah Taylor was right in the middle of it all. In fact, it could well be that Joseph and Lois met right there at her aunt and uncle’s home on Indian Hill, today Whately Glen. They came from Groton by way of The Fort at No. 4, a dangerous outpost isolated on our northern frontier, built to intercept Pioneer Valley intruders.

My next trip for little Jordie? How about Ticonderoga, Crown Point and Saratoga. We have deep roots and blood stains there, too.

Power Plays

The powers that be and those who manufacture power form a dangerous alliance, one fish, fowl and bipeds should flee, escaping schemers and investors who may yet breathe their fatal fire, its toxic smoke just a balmy breeze away.

First the fish, still struggling to survive, adapting to the industrial cesspools in which they live. Back in the early ‘90s when I was trying to report the truth about Connecticut River Atlantic salmon restoration, not what I was being told by media-relations lackeys and administrators, I embarked on a research mission that taught me much about Pioneer Valley history. After reading many histories of riverside towns from Northfield to Saybrook, Conn., it was easy to conclude that American shad, not Atlantic salmon, were the prevalent fish harvested by settlers each spring into the 19h century. There is no denying salmon were here, thus the salmon rivers and falls up and down the valley. But salmon were a temporary phenomenon, few in number and a welcome bonus among multiple shad hauled from the river in seines. Those salmon were a product of the Little Ice Age, a cooling period between 1550 and 1820 that pushed the North Atlantic salmon range hundreds of miles south following the Medieval Warming Period. It just so happened that this three-century climatic event conducive to New England salmon migration coincided with European settlement of North America. In fact, the New World was discovered by European fishermen chasing cod, their range also pushed south by colder ocean temperatures.

Although I still track our spring anadromous-fish runs, report on them and continue to cast a pessimistic shadow on their future — especially salmon, but now even shad — I have surrendered my No. 1 gadfly status to Karl Meyer, a former employee turned critic of the power companies operating our fish passageways. Also an outspoken critic of a floundering salmon-restoration project, unlike me, Meyer favors an immediate halt to the doomed program. He says it’s a waste of time and energy for white-knuckled fisheries biologists hanging on for dear life and fat paychecks. While I don’t begrudge them those paychecks, you can’t hide the obvious fact that Connecticut River salmon are following the path of dinosaurs and saber-toothed tigers. Sad but true.

Meyer’s latest criticism is aimed at pathetic shad numbers passing through the fish passageways at Turners Falls and Vernon, Vt. (Can you see the glow?). Both locations, in his opinion, aren’t meeting pledges to maintain optimal fish passage. Meyer got all wound up last year when, like a miracle, shad started passing Turners Falls in record numbers while the Northfield Pumped Storage reservoir was drained dry and water was directed to the spillway pool above the Turners Falls dam, pulling shad up the typically little-used spillway ladder, which seems to be more functional than the other two at Turners Falls. Could it have been a coincidence that shad responded with a record run? Meyer didn’t think so, and he’s getting strong confirmation this spring. With Northfield back to normal and shad being drawn to the less the effective Gatehouse  and Cabot ladders, the power company isn’t even releasing migration numbers through Turners Falls. “Curious, eh?” wrote Meyer last week. “Think they have something to hide?”

Yep, probably, but nowhere near as much as the nuke plant just upstream in Vernon, where the next fish-passage station stands. There, anadromous-fish controversy pales in comparison to issues with the nuclear plant itself. A recent “Rolling Stone” piece by Jeff Goodell (“The Fire Next Time,” May 12) used Vermont Yankee as a poster child of dangerous, aging nuke plants that have been unwisely relicensed by the lapdog Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Lap dog? Well, what do you call a watchdog agency that has over the past two decades approved all 63 relicensing requests it’s reviewed? Goodell warns that a natural catastrophe like the Fukushima earthquake or the Joplin tornado (Can you imagine what would have happened if there had been a nuke plant there?) could be worse than devastating, stating: “A release of just one-10th of the radioactive material at the Vermont Yankee reactor could kill thousands and render much of New England uninhabitable for centuries.”

Yet, we still have many among us who defend this plant if for no better reason than to oppose the “loony radicals” protesting for its closure. Could it be any clearer that power companies cannot be trusted, that they are beholden to shareholders, not the environment? Can any objective observer disagree? It appears that Germany, which announced this week that it will phase out all nuclear power in 10 years, has seen the light. When will it happen here? Not soon enough for me and many others.

Then again, we’ve always got the fellas speeding up and down our rivers and lakes in their fancy bass boats, burying their heads in the Lake Hitchcock gravel and making fun of the “hysterical” no-nukers. But what will these bores have to say when disaster hits? Will they continue laughing, or be the subject of ridicule?

If that day ever arrives, I’d much rather be among the I-told-you-so fools.

Tom Terrific

What a difference a day makes in the game called turkey hunting.

Ask 34-year-old Sunderland hunter and Northampton native Ray Cichy II. He killed what may prove to be Massachusetts’ second-largest gobbler taken since records have been kept. Cichy’s 5-year-old trophy tom, taken last week in Hatfield, registered at just under 85 points, according to the National Wild Turkey Federation scoring system. The bird weighed 24.82 pounds with two beards measuring 11 and 6.5 inches, and spurs 1.250 and 1.1250 inches long. Cichy weighed the bird on certified scales at Stop & Shop in Hadley and left with a printout in hand (Hey, I guess international big-box stores can serve some local purpose). The NWTF score is computed by adding the weight, length of beard doubled and length or spurs multiplied by 10.

But that’s just the end of the tale. How Cichy bagged his bird is what should be interesting to anyone who’s hunted and been frustrated by a boss gobbler’s whims, not to mention those who have not and never will hunt turkeys but have a passing interest in how it’s done.

Actually, Cichy killed his bird like most serious turkey hunters do, starting with preseason scouting, almost a must. After that it was topographical assessment, setting up, calling, altering location, interference by another hunter, patience and geniality, and finally connecting by persevering and, of course, being in the right place at the right time. Isn’t that what it always boils down to?

“When it finally happened,” recalled Cichy, a Verizon lineman speaking last week on his cell phone, “it was easy. Text book.”

Arriving before first light, Cichy set up a solitary hen decoy along the edge of a field, sat against a large tree just inside the woods and waited for gobbles. Then he called the bird, which gobbled several more times before flying out of its roost and landing 15 yards in front of the decoy, immediately going into its last strut. Cichy placed his shotgun bead on the bird’s head and neck, squeezed the trigger, sent the bird into the Curly shuffle and was soon standing triumphantly beside it. His watch read 5:45 a.m. The date was May 3.

“I literally heard the bird fly out of its roost and over my head,” Cichy recalled. “Then it landed right there, 25 yards away, almost too easy.”

On such days, which most veteran turkey hunters have experienced, a man might believe that any fool could call in a monster tom. Well, maybe so, but that was only the way it happened for Cichy on the day of kill. Everything hadn’t worked quite so smoothly prior to that. No sir. The path to this potential all-time state-runner-up gobbler began three days before the April 25 opening day. Cichy had done his homework during those three days day by traveling to the site and observing his bird from a concealed location.

Determined to assess what was happening relative to the mating season, Cichy sat in his spot on the mornings of April 22, 23 and 24 to watch, listen and develop strategy. Because the big gobbler had already gathered a harem of five hens, the hunter knew it wasn’t necessarily going to be an easy task to kill it. Gobblers roost near their harems and jealously guard them, typically waiting for the hens to fly out of their tree or trees at first light before flying down to join them, at which point it can be quite difficult to entice the tom away with the plaintive call of an outside suitor. This is especially true right off, before the big boy has tended to his ladies and they have wandered off to set on their nests. And, indeed, it didn’t take long for this very scenario to confront Cichy, immediately complicating matters and necessitating Plan 2.

On opening morning, Cichy said he had the big boss man “all fired up” on and off the roost, but the bird was content to follow its seductive harem down into the open field at first light, then proceeded to trail them away from Cichy’s calls. Undeterred, Cichy waited for the birds to get out of sight, retrieved his decoys (two hens and a jake) and departed, determined to return the next day and adjust his setup. When he did that the next morning, everything was working to perfection, the birds moving in his direction, before another hunter cut him off, which in turkey-hunting jargon means got between him and the birds he was calling, blowing up what likely would have been a successful hunt. Frustrated, Cichy picked up his decoys, spoke in passing to the intruder who claimed to be unaware of his presence (that’s what they all say), and departed, determined to return. But the fact was that his troubles were just beginning.

Day 3 found Cichy at his spot before first light and the forest was silent, not so much as a gobble. No sightings, either. Damn, he thought before leaving, that gobbler must have been onto him after the previous day’s commotion. But when he returned to the scene the next morning, sure enough, more gobbles preceding five hen fly-downs with the tom right behind them, and all six birds again headed away from Cichy. He surmised they must be wise to him and decided to give them a break by taking Friday off and returning Saturday morning, which ultimately proved to be his shortest hunt of the season. With two unfamiliar vehicles parked along the road, obviously weekend warriors, he didn’t even bother stopping, just slowed down a bit, pondered his next move and went home. Hopefully, Monday would be different.

Getting itchy midday Sunday, a curious Cichy took a ride to his site at around 4 p.m. and spotted the big boy out in the field with a hen, just one. Things were looking up. But then he took ill overnight and decided to sit out Monday morning. Coughing and sniffles are never good turkey-hunting companions. Still, he went out that evening to roost the tom and was happy to find it alone. He lingered long enough to hear the bird fly up into its roost, where he could see it “bouncing around in the branches” until dark. He left feeling confident that the next day could be productive, which turned out to be prophetic.

Before daybreak, Cichy sneaked in as close as he dared to the roosted tom and furtively put out one hen decoy before taking a comfortable seat against a big tree. The rest is history. The Hatfield slammer was dead before 6 a.m., but not before it had planted its seed for posterity, now likely being set upon by the harem hens that had abandoned their mate for its final roost.

Soon that big boy’s progeny will be trailing their mothers through hot bottomland hayfields, jumping up to devour bugs and berries and whatever. If any of those birds reach the ripe old age of 5, as few do, they’ll probably resemble their trophy dad; and maybe, just maybe, one of them will become future newspaper fodder.

Wetland Wonders

I wasn’t taking notes, can’t recall whether is was cloudy or clear, dry or wet, but do remember well how it all unfolded.

I was down at Sunken Meadow, walking the dog, spring sprung, observing trees and buds and ferns and skunk cabbage and whatever else interested me, even watched bluebirds, a male and a female, perched like Christmas-tree crowns atop young, adjacent pines as I enjoyed the day and a robust, snappy walk around the perimeter.

About halfway around my loop, on the south end of the field where a beaver pond spills out into the edge of the meadow, I noticed Buddy acting curious and cautious, nose high, ears alert, looking down at something just outside of the greening tangle of multiflora rose along the border. Whatever it was, he respected it, or at least wasn’t sure what he was dealing with, thus the timid approach. He semi-circled but wouldn’t move in as I quickened my step.

When I got to within an underhand toss, I could see what looked like a rock or bag or maybe a chunk of wood in the low, sparse, brown brush. Exactly what it was I could not decipher. Then, when I got closer, I could see we were dealing with a large snapping turtle, as round as my arms spread out to the max and joined at the hands out in front of my torso, definitely nothing to pester. The big, prehistoric critter wasn’t shy, either. No sir. It was standing rigid on all fours in an obvious aggressive pose, tail, head and neck straight out like a German shorthair on point, only ornerier.

I believe it was Buddy’s first encounter with a snapping turtle, and instinct wisely kept him away. The turtle must have smelled dangerous, which, if so, was a good thing, according to a friend I later told about the standoff. “A big snapper could do a job on a dog,” he informed me. He wasn’t telling me anything I didn’t know.

“Leave it,” I said to Buddy in a non-threatening tone, and he seemed almost relieved as he left it and continued on his merry way, trotting joyfully to the west bank of the Green River, not once turning back or even suggesting it. He must have been happy to be done with the armored beast after accurately reading its unfriendly body language, if not dangerous scent, not alluring pheromones by any stretch of the imagination.

My guess is that it was a female snapper looking for a place to bury its eggs, but I haven’t spent any time researching it. It may be a little early for turtle egg-laying. Maybe not. I really don’t know. But something was going on, and apparently that snapper wasn’t the only one out and about that day. I made that discovery the next morning while walking the same meadow and happening upon two friendly fellas grinding Christmas-tree stumps 100 yards from where I had seen the pugnacious turtle. When I stopped to chat and, pointing, shared the story with them, the taller of the two was interested. The previous day, maybe 300 yards west of where my turtle had stood, he had seen another large snapper crossing the paved road. A woman was on the scene, her car parked side of the road as she directed traffic to protect the turtle. She stuck around until the creature crossed the road, then drove off. Later that day, apparently trying to return to the beaver pond it had exited, the turtle was killed by a car, presumably minus the eggs it had laid in the sandy brook-side soil off the east side of the road.

In the weeks to come, many little turtles will probably hatch from that secluded site to replace their dead mother, which never made it home to her beaver pond, likely sparing at least a few of the goslings soon to hatch from a visible Canada goose nest atop a beaver hut. Fishermen tell of watching newborn goslings swim behind their mother and seeing one or two disappear like bobbers on a fish strike when quickly pulled under and devoured by hungry snapping turtles.

Nature’s way: life and death in a bottomland beaver bog, always wildlife rich.

Roundabout Deer, Trout

Eli Terry just struck noon from its dining-room shelf and here I sit, fresh off a few hours of procrastination, still waiting for that final stocking report — the most important one, of course.

Actually, I guess I’m stretching it a bit to call my morning activity procrastination. Reading is seldom that mindless, especially reading with a purpose, not just to kill time or escape reality, which would indeed qualify as that dirty P word we can all occasionally succumb to. Fact is I’m still studying naughty American novelist Henry Miller (1891-1980), am nearly finished with Robert Ferguson’s biography, fascinating stuff. Miller’s novels were banned here and in England for the high crimes of blasphemy, profanity and unpopular truths, never welcomed by the Chamber of Commerce, clergy or high school administrators. Yes, Miller — auto-didactic to boot (the shame of it) — was banned in Boston and New York, would likely have been lynched from a short, stout scrub oak in Texas or Alabama if the high and mighty down there could have gotten their hands on him. And to think my captivating little research project got started with late West Whately gadfly publisher Jimmy Cooney, that irascible pacifist and card-carrying socialist I stumbled upon many years ago as an unapologetic, hormone-driven teen on Poplar Hill.

Truth be told, I still refuse to say I’m sorry for discovering such “corrupting” influences all on my own. In fact, thank the forest gods I was happenstance exposed to free spirits like Cooney and Marshall Smith, dangerous subversives to police chiefs and Boy Scout leaders, but in fact no scarier than sparkling water bubbling from a Guinea Gulch spring. I say when you find such a wellspring you best drop to your knees, cup your hands and savor it like the fountain of youth. You’ll find refreshing, nourishing lessons unattainable in a stifling classroom where Old Glory and Christ’s cross hang for all to worship. Yes, Cooney and his radical retinue indirectly led me off the beaten path to many exciting places, some taboo in the mainstream press, and I think I’m a better man for it.

But, anyway, back to the task at hand, that of cranking out a weekly column, this one revisiting a now clarified tale from last week before moving to the mundane, weekly spring stocking report so eagerly awaited by the truck-following rabble. Isn’t that what newspapers are for? The rabble? Maybe. If so, must I feed this hungry crowd of discriminating big-box taste? Should I feel guilty or proud? You be the judge.

But, again, let us not digress. First the clarification, which takes us back to last week’s story about recent coyote carnage in my Greenfield neighborhood, a tale I knew was true but could not confirm. Well, that little lead into my column smoked out the facts in a jiffy. The phone message arrived at my home shortly after 9 a.m. Friday while I was down at Sunken Meadow walking the dog and searching the marshy woods along the perimeter for erect, leftover, dark-brown ostrich ferns that point a man toward tight spring fiddleheads, a tasty treat I annually enjoy — steamed, then smothered in butter with Parmesan cheese; excellent if you combine them with tortellini, bowtie noodles will do.

Enough of that. Back to the deer story I keep getting distracted from. As I predicted, I didn’t have all my facts straight, just enough rumor to get my point across: that deer can be vulnerable to our most efficient predators even long after deep, tiring snow has disappeared from the landscape. To refresh your memory, I reported that a pregnant doe had been savagely killed in the backyard of a thickly settled neighborhood near my home, and that the coyotes had left behind an intact fetus. Because I knew coyotes typically focus first on the entrails when devouring a fresh deer kill, I suspected they had eaten one twin fetus and left the other for later. Well, I had it wrong. There was no fawn visible, just a dead doe with prominent nipples, its carcass left virtually intact minus its guts and internal organs. Apparently, the coyotes had eaten the unborn and left the adult for later consumption.

Interestingly, the coyotes used a black chain-link fence for assistance. They had chased the pregnant doe through a wetland depression along a brook, and when the deer tried to circle back through an unfamiliar backyard, it ran flush into the fence, buckling a sturdy vertical post near its death bed. The homeowners, Fred Steiner and family of Meadow Lane, were alerted to the kill by the predawn barking of their dog. They then spotted the pathetic prostrate animal after first light, not a pretty sight. So, that is the rest of the story. Eat your heart out, Paul Harvey. Glad to finally find the facts.

So, now, on to trout stocking, starting with a call from old pal Peter Mallett, brainchild of the Millers River Fishermen’s Association (MRFA), which generously supplements state stocking on the Millers River and elsewhere in eastern Franklin County. This year Mallet and friends will stock more than 400 pounds of rainbow and brook trout from Plymouth’s Gilbert Hatchery. Many of the trout will be in the 16- to 18-inch category, with an added bonus of several four pounders. Mallet claims the Gilbert Hatchery was first owned by the clipper ship captain who was responsible for introducing brown trout to America. The good captain used to transport brown-trout eggs across the Atlantic on blocks of ice, then hatch, raise and stock them in eastern Massachusetts and beyond. Today, Gilbert’s rainbows are distinctive “Donovan rainbow trout,” with brilliant coloration differentiating them from the duller state-stocked fish, according to Mallett.

MRFA has scheduled three consecutive 11 a.m. Saturday kids’-stocking days, the first this week, when people will assemble in the Birch Hill Dam parking lot in South Royalston. Youths will assist with the stocking, then have free reign to fish afterward. The subsequent kids’ stocking dates and sites are: May 7 at Alan Rich Park in Athol, and May 14 at the Orange Sewage Treatment Plant off Route 2A in Orange.

As for the state-stocking schedule, the Western District will again hit the upper Deerfield River in Florida, Charlemont and Buckland, while doing Cold River in Florida and Charlemont and North Pond in Florida as well. Sadly, nothing to report on the Valley District stocking destinations. First time in years, so cut them a break. They were busy stocking Wednesday, the office assistant out sick for her third day. I waited all day for the list, phoned twice, no luck. Sorry, fellas. I have to believe it’s time for the Green and North rivers to get some fish after a long drought. No guarantees. Just a hunch. Educated guess. It’s almost May. Way overdue.

Off I go.

Twin Killing?

A sighting, speculation and a rumor: that’s all I’ve got. Guess it’ll have to do.

First the sighting — two deer, likely does, one larger than the other. I spotted them after 7 Saturday morning. They were feeding in the fresh green stubble of a spring straw field as I took a hard right toward the gate to Sunken Meadow. There they stood like statues, gray-brown in the pale morning light, frozen and totally alert to my presence. When I pulled up short of the gate, grabbed the key and exited the vehicle, the deer bounded off toward the tree line, white tails pointing to the heavens, a pretty sight.

Hmmm? Interesting. Couldn’t imagine they weren’t the same deer I had watched there all through the summer and fall last year. Problem was there had been three of them, a doe and twin fawns, which I watched catch up in size to their mother as the year progressed. Maybe someone had killed the other fawn, I thought, in the road or hunting. Or maybe it was there but off to the side along the tree line and I just didn’t see it. Doubtful. I thought there were only two.

Anyway, I moved along, driving my truck down into the lower level, letting Buddy out and taking my regular route, not really giving much further thought to the deer. Yeah, of course I looked up along the wooded lip several times as I walked the first leg of my trek, just trying to pick them out standing motionless and observing us, but no luck. If they were there, I didn’t see them. But the story got far more interesting after I returned home and went to the roadside mailbox an hour or two later.

As I walked to fetch the mail, my neighbor called my name from across the road. She was walking toward me and obviously wanted to talk. So I crossed the road and she told me about carnage in the neighborhood, an overnight coyote deer-kill in a backyard of a cluster of homes. The wife of a cop, I trusted her information, still do.

“The animal-control officer got a call and investigated,” she said. “He arrived on the scene and found the doe torn to shreds with an unborn fawn pretty much intact.”

Apparently, the homeowners heard something going on but couldn’t see what had happened until daybreak. Then they saw the dead deer lying near their house, the yard bordered on the north by a wetland hollow. My neighbor didn’t like what she had heard, was concerned about her dogs, her horse. “Have you seen coyotes in your yard?” she asked.No. I had never seen a coyote on my property but my son once had, five or six of them by the flower bed in the full midnight moonlight. He was concerned about his favorite tiger cat, Big Boy, who survived that late-night canine visit. Furthermore, I knew of no coyote problems around my neighbor’s hen house, which is surprising, given the amount of close coyote talk I routinely hear around my place year around. “They’re pretty elusive,” I told her, “very good at lurking along the edges and staying out of sight.”

Curious, I tried to track down further information about the incident but came up empty. So I cannot claim to have every detail precisely as it happened. I tried, making several fruitless trips to the home where the kill reportedly occurred, but couldn’t get an answer to the doorbell with many cars in the yard. Then, after learning the homeowners’ names, I left a phone message and  killed time reading a field guide to ferns, portable phone within reach. No return call. Determined to get the story, I called the number twice from work and got the answering machine. Must have had caller ID. Apparently the people didn’t want any publicity. I wouldn’t have used their names or address if they didn’t want me to. It’s easy to get around superfluous details like that with a story like this. It’s the tale that’s relevant, not necessarily names and addresses. To say it happened in the Greenfield Meadows would have been good enough for me. Oh well. You’ll just have to take it for what it is: a story based on fact that is generally accurate.

Of course, the same could be said of my speculation that the dead doe was the missing twin from my Saturday sighting. There’s no way of knowing that, either. I can’t even say those deer were the ones I knew. Still, given what I later learned and the way the scenario developed, my hunch is that those were the same deer minus a pre-dawn coyote-kill. At least it makes a lot of sense to me.

Imagine that. No snow or cold or injury to weaken the deer; just a pregnant doe in her vulnerable last trimester, and still no match for a coyote pack. Who knows? Maybe that doe was carrying twin fawns and there was only one left. Stuffed from a tasty meal, the coyotes probably intended to return for fetid fetus cutlets.

Touching The Bases

Overnight rain had a remarkable effect on my yard Wednesday, lifting my spirits on a gray, dreary April morning. Spring can do that to a man, even one t’other side of his peak.

What immediately drew my attention on the way out to the kennel was a lilac bush along the western perimeter of my property. Barren with no hint of green Tuesday — bingo! — it was sporting vivacious, quarter-inch, green buds Wednesday. No exaggeration! Overnight. No sun. Chalk it up to the power of spring rain: lawn greening as though a watercolorist perched on a maple bough mischievously splashed blotches here and there with a flick of his saturated brush; bright yellow daffodils against the house drooping, fists clenched, a day after standing straight as a preacher in bright sun. I can only hope their lethargy had nothing to do with poison Fukushima rain. What a dreadful disaster, one we’re hearing not nearly enough about. Loony Charlie Sheen and Sarah Palin are much more important, right? So are tightwads John Boehner and Eric Cantor, gleaming their pompous air of self-importance and deceit. Then, even when the news does bemoan those haywire Japanese reactors, it’s played up as nothing to worry about. They’d have you believe last week’s three-million-gallon Pacific dump was no worse than a drunken hiker emptying his bladder into a Quabbin feeder stream. Don’t buy it. It’s misinformation aimed at the ignorant. Cheap “news.”

But let us not digress … as my flowers bloom and bushes bud, backyard Hinsdale Brook is roaring with youthful enthusiasm, and so is the swollen Green River it feeds a short bit downstream. Speaking of which, you should have heard the peepers in riverside Sunken Meadow Monday afternoon. The sound was new, overwhelming and encompassing, like you were trapped in a small, breathless chamber with billions of the chirpy little buggers belching. I took a quick ramble down there with the dogs Wednesday morning and not a peep. What a difference a day or two makes. It was still warm but soggy, a steady rain falling. I stayed just long enough to stretch my legs, wet my shoulders and observe the surging river — Tiger Lily plump with pups, due anytime, waddling along; Buddy sprinting, leaping, hopelessly infected with joie de vivre. I think Lily will have a big litter. Fun. Perfect time of year for puppies.

Honestly, I didn’t know young Buddy had it in him, the rascal. Hey, sometimes a young lad can surprise you. Well, I guess those ladies I hear pitching their cougarlife.com website late nights between sports talk on WFAN-New York wouldn’t be surprised. They have faith in young pups. We’re not talking here about those extinct Eastern cougars. No sir. These radio cougars appear to be thriving in Eastern metropolitan areas; same ferocious growl, gentler bite.

Ooops! That email I’ve been awaiting finally arrived. I just heard the beep. Back to the task at hand, that of trout stocking and tidbits. Then back to the parlor La-Z-Boy, where I’ll raise the footrest high, flip off my Birkenstocks and resume a captivating study of American novelist Henry Miller; he and Anais Nin, their twisted, tangled labyrinth of lies and secrets. Or was it a nest? Doesn’t matter. Fact is they were fascinating artists — blasphemous, erotic sinners whose books were for many years banned in this country and England. Imagine that! George Orwell called Miller the only living writer of the English language worth reading, and his books were banned where English is spoken. What makes Miller and Nin even more interesting from my perspective is their connection to a Whately man I once knew from afar. Question is, why did it take me so long to discover these literary icons?

Well, I guess if you’re inquisitive and open-minded, you’ll find important stuff sooner or later, even if you were a rebel who dismissed school as a waste of time when you could have been spoon-fed by some droning, upright pedant, just another 200-pound sleeping pill so common in education.

I guess I didn’t miss much. I have always found it more meaningful to solve my own mysteries.

Enough!

Sage Gent

When Bill Hubbard died last week at 91, the Pioneer Valley lost its dean of antique dealers. With his passing went a moving, breathing repository of knowledge to which I once had privileged access. I usually took his advice as gospel, and on the rare occasion I strayed — once — I got scalded. Lesson learned. Bill knew antiques and those who peddled them.

My first memory of Bill, known to his closest friends and wife Eleanor as “Hub,” is a lean, tallish, balding and bespectacled man with a professorial air about him, the father of my best friend, from Sunderland. I was in the fifth grade and had met this friend, the late Jon Hubbard, playing baseball. We became instant pals and swapped sleepover weekends at each other’s homes through junior high school, wearing a deep bicycle path between South Deerfield and Sunderland.

I didn’t know it then but Bill, his classic home and its Americana planted a seed in fertile loam blanketing my bedrock; gray, cranial matter in which it would eventually sprout, take root and bear tasty fruit. It was Bill who showed me what it meant to be a New Englander with deep Connecticut Valley roots. The decorating style he introduced to me was at first, in my wayward, distracted youth, ignored, then chased with hungry passion as an adult collector and hunter. Fact is I’m still collecting. Always will. Not to mention reading and exploring. All because of what I observed around that Hubbard homestead.

At the beginning, I recall the shop, the office, the barn and the customers. Then there was hired hand Dave Pinardi from North Amherst, a pleasant North Amherst chap who reminded me a lot of my artist Uncle Ray and repaired furniture and picture frames and whatever between visits from customers; also everyone’s favorite insurance man, Billy Burns, then a recent Deerfield grad performing odd jobs around the place, taking us to his city-league ballgames at night. That was before Bill had opened his auction gallery, and his shop drew an eclectic, distinguished crowd: from tall Amherst tycoon Walter Jones in that big Stetson hat (I think it was a Stetson) and devilish grin, to flamboyant Poet Laureate Archibald Macleish in one of his flashy tartan kilts, to the first openly gay couple I ever laid eyes upon, New Yorkers to whom I later made a few weekend antique deliveries to their secluded Ashfield country home. My introduction to these alternative types taught me at a young and impressionable age that just because someone is “different” doesn’t mean they’re weird or dangerous. I found the two men to be bright, articulate, genial and generous, also interesting, and I will always entertain fond memories of them and their warm demeanor.

After he had opened the North Amherst auction gallery that made him a small fortune, I vividly recall the time Bill came upstairs early one morning, woke Jon and me and asked us if we wanted to take a ride and make a few bucks. We popped out of bed, threw on our clothes and accompanied his crew — two vans and a U-Haul truck as I recall — to the picturesque western corridor of Connecticut, where we cleaned out a colonial hilltown mansion from cellar to attic, a fascinating treasure hunt I will never forget. I once even worked as a runner at his auction but regretfully didn’t stick with it. By then I had discovered other enticing interests and couldn’t get far enough away from adult supervision. But I came back to Bill as an adult and built a new friendship I cherished. He had a classy, venerable way about him and taught me things I will never forget, may someday even share with my son and grandsons if ever they become interested in arts and antiques and the hands that crafted them.

I visited Bill at the first nursing home he entered in Hadley several years ago, then saw him often at Charlene Manor, right down the road from me. But I never did get to the Holyoke Soldiers Home he died at. It was faraway and too difficult. Every time I walk into one of those places I remember my late grandmother, the one who bailed me out of many jams, begging me, tears flowing, to take her home. It left a permanent scar. Have I a choice, no one will ever get me into one of those places. Sadly, sometimes there is no choice.

I miss talking to Bill at his museum-quality antique home. We’d sit there in matching La-Z-Boys talking about this and that, maybe even gossiping a bit — that rare, diminutive Deerfield tap table between us, carved shore birds and books behind him, Miss Childs’ handsome, Federal, tiger-maple desk and bookcase from Conway facing us, its ancient lacquered patina gleaming like a harbor beacon. I loved to pick Bill’s brain and feel fortunate that he welcomed my queries. Life is all about the interesting people you meet. I have met many. Bill was one. Hopefully, there will be many more.

I’m sure I will often think of Bill Hubbard before I join him among the departed; I already do. It was he who placed a precious Sanderson family tall chest in my home, and it was he who warned against buying that four-drawer chest I overpaid for. His spirit lives in both bureaus, and it’ll soon inhabit a special riverside burial ground I never tire of visiting.

Bill and I were brothers of sorts, our deepest roots crossing in many places, some bright, some dark, all sacred. We were kindred valley spirits and damn proud of it.

Walk Talk

You never know where a brief walk with the dogs will take you.

I finally found my way back to Sunken Meadow late last week for my first visit of the New Year. The field is wide open, minus a slim cuff of granular corn-snow along the southern edge, where the sun is obstructed in the partial shadows of naked wetland cover and tall, bare hardwoods along a bordering, 15-foot-high lip. I’ve taken the short trip there twice daily ever since and have enjoying every second, so peaceful and private.

My springer spaniels also love the small, secluded riverside depression, romping to a joyous songbird symphony through rows of Christmas trees and a thin bordering wetland — mostly sumac, its pale red fruit scattered along the edge, also alders and wild rose, no sign of cattail patches that were obvious last fall. Where they went, I do not know, perhaps flattened by snowstorms. The dogs, bred for high energy and endurance, stay very busy, noses high and alert, investigating every scent, splashing through large, steel-blue puddles, the brushy edges soon to be mallard nesting grounds. Who knows? Maybe wood and black ducks as well.

Lily, six weeks pregnant and showing, has slowed a tiny bit but displays no sign of that tell-tale waddle, the excess girth not dampening her spirit one iota until it’s time to head home. Then she stands below the tailgate and gets psyched for the leap before adorably wiggling her flank and jumping up, no problem once she puts her mind to it.

The rows of Christmas trees — infant, mature and in-between, some flagged — stand out against the drab, March-brown field. Upon close inspection, there are fresh, red, root-like sprouts clinging to the frozen turf here and there, soon to be rich, green growth that’ll need chopping or mowing, maybe even uprooting at some point. A tall, broad pignut hickory dominates the meadow north of center, towering over a shorter mature tree some 100 feet west, maybe half its height and gnarly. I still haven’t identified that tree but noticed for the first time this week that it once had a larger twin. The stubby tree that’s still standing is connected along the ground to rotten bowl-like remains of its thicker, vanished twin, which must have fallen years ago. Soon I will bring along “Sibley’s Guide to Trees,” an illustrated bible of trees and their identifiable parts by Concord author/artist David Allen Sibley, better known for his bird books. Maybe I’ll have a positive identification before the leaves pop. Then again, maybe not. But who cares? There’s no rush. That tree is not nearly as regal as the mature hickory, aristocratic in every sense as it towers over the meadow like a presidential monument.

Monday was the first day I walked to the water’s edge and focused on the Green River, running about perfect for wader-fishing. The water is deep and cold enough to hold feeding trout just about anywhere. Problem is that there are probably few trout left this time of year, with the water just right. When the state liberally stocks the pretty stream in the weeks to come, most of those fish will be quickly hooked where they are dumped by a parade of truck-followers. Then, when the water drops to its summer level, the few fish that survive will have limited refuge. That’s always been the problem on Green River: It’s too shallow to fish in most places during the summer. By then, whatever trout are left retreat to the deepest pools, which are few, easy to fish and thus quickly fished out. Probably a man with patience and determination could find a few holdovers this time of year, but likely not enough to make the effort worthwhile. Sad but true. Yes, the Green is now just another put-and-take stream.

As I stood and watched the swollen river flow strong and green, faraway whitewater flashing in the sunlight above and below me, for some reason I reminisced back to the last time I had stood in riverside observation back in December. That day I was standing on the upper plateau looking far down a steep bank to a ruffled section of flat water disturbed by a brisk, cold, north wind. It was just before Christmas and the bitter wind was penetrating my Polarfleece jacket, creating an uncomfortable chill as the dogs scurried about free, easy and unaffected. On the water were two beautiful mergansers or redheads, both males, seemingly enjoying the afternoon. I remember watching them and wondering why in God’s name free migratory creatures like them would choose to stay so far north when they could be swimming in southern climes. I guess for the same reason a man remains in an dead-end job, a woman in an abusive relationship for a lifetime. It’s what they know. Change can be disruptive. What is it they say? That familiarity breeds contentment? Something like that. But you can’t convince me those ducks would not have been better off in Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas or even south Jersey, for that matter. But no. There they were, totally content in frigid New England winds. Who am I to judge? They looked perfectly happy. To each its own, I guess.

When you look at Green River this time of the year, you totally understand that it came by its name due to its greenish hue. Called Pocommeagon by the Natives, then Green River by colonial settlers, the river runs a grayish-green this time of year and after hard summer rains; likewise the tributary Hinsdale Brook, centerline of which establishes the northern boundary of my Greenfield home lot. The green tint of that backyard stream comes from clay banks a mile upstream, where powdery gray silt is washed into the flow. That type of clay must be prevalent throughout the Green River drainage.

Although I cannot be certain, I must assume from what I’ve read that the Native name also meant Green River and the English settlers adopted it in their own tongue. As for the spelling, well, because the Natives had no written language, their words have always been spelled phonetically and, I might add, inconsistently. Deerfield historian George Sheldon spelled the Native version of Green River the way it’s shown above, while Greenfield historian Francis M. Thompson spelled it Picomegan, and a more-contemporary report published by the Massachusetts Historical Commission spells it Pocommegan. Take your pick. I guess there is no right or wrong. Although I prefer the look and sound of Thompson’s word, I’d probably lean toward the state spelling for the sake of consistency. Problem is that I seldom publish the Native name and will thus probably have to look it up again the next time I do. I’ll likely then go through this whole footnote issue another time. Oh well, such are the drawbacks of writing a weekly column, far from unbearable.

And to think this all began with a refreshing morning walk through Sunken Meadow. God, I love a walk; sets the blood, the brain aflow.

 

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